Vim is famous for its fabulous modal editing. Its normal, insert, and
visual modes quickly become magic in the hands of an able user. But many are
unaware or ignore the existence of vim’s command-line mode with its Ex
commands.
Whereas vim’s normal and insert mode work in the locale of your cursor,
vim’s command-line mode can help you deal with things far from your cursor. Or
as Drew Neil puts it in his Practical Vim book,
Vim’s Ex commands strike far and wide.
Let’s look at a few of them.
Copy (copy, t), move (m), and delete (d)
We’ll start by copying, moving, and deleting lines. You access vim’s
command-line mode with :. Copying, moving, and deleting can be intuitive.
What would you say this command did?
:3copy5
If you guessed copy line three to line five, then you got it!
t is shorthand for copy (think copy to). So :3t5 does the same thing as
the command above.
Do move and delete work the same way? You betcha.
Try moving a line with :3m5.
Now try deleting a line with :3d.
Acting on ranges
But that’s not all. Ex commands aren’t limited to single lines. They can act on ranges. Want to move lines 3-5 to line 8? You got it:
:3,5m8
Relative ranges
I know what you’re thinking, “But what if I’m on line 125, and I use relative numbers!” Not to worry. Vim has a range for you too:
:-2,+1d
The visual range
What about using a visual selection as a range? If you’re like me, you’ve
probably used vim to help you sort lines by visually selecting them and typing
:sort. Did you ever notice the range vim inserts for us? It’s the special
visual selector range:
:'<,'>sort
Want to perform other actions on that same visual block? The visual selector
range ('<,'>) continues to operate on the previous visual selection, even when
that range is no longer selected! Let’s delete the lines we sorted last time:
:'<,'>d
Want to learn more about the visual selector range? As it turns out, ranges can
be delimited by marks, and '< and '> are just a couple of special marks. That opens
ranges to a world of possibilities! Try '{,'} for paragraphs and '(,') for
sentences.
Search and replace
Perhaps you’ve never stopped to think about the magical incantation you use to
search and replace words in a file. Well, we can finally uncover the mystery:
s will replace things (think substitute). Want to replace foo with bar
on line 3?
:3s/foo/bar/g
What if you want to search and replace in the entire file? We can use a range
from the first line to the end of the file: 1,$, or even better, we can use
vim’s shorthand for the whole file: %. Go ahead. Type it in, and see the
magic work:
:%s/foo/bar/g
Repeat a normal command
In addition to modal editing, vim is known for its ability to repeat the last
command with .. Maybe you delete a line with dd, then you realize you need
to delete the next one. No need to press dd again, just type . and you’re
good to go.
But what about repeating the same command across many lines? What would you do if you wanted to append a comma at the end of each line in a list? Ex commands are here to help you:
:2,5normal A,
Repeat the last Ex command
. repeats the last normal command. What if we want to repeat the last Ex
command? We can do that too.
@:
If you’ve ever used macros in vim, you might notice this looks like a macro for
the : register. Find that interesting? Take a look at your registers (:reg)
and see what you find for :.
What next?
I hope you see the power of Ex commands. Instead of typing 2Gdd to go to the
second line and delete it, you can delete it from afar with :2d. And instead
of going to line 3, visually selecting lines 3-5, yanking them, going down to
line 10, and pasting the lines with 3GVjjjy10Gp, you can just do it from
anywhere in the file with :3,5t10.
If you want to learn more, I highly recommend Drew Neil’s Practical Vim book,
or take a look at the excellent documentation for different vim modes and for
the Ex commands copy, move, delete, substitute. And if you want to dig
deeper, help is just a :help away.
Until next time!